Armor from France
Дата: 05.04.2011 20:10:31
admin: Earlier in our official blog we’ve already posted the article about
the forthcoming release of the French tank tree where was given
some information about French battle vehicles which will be
represented in the game. This article is aimed to develop a theme
of French armored vehicles and focus on specific types of tanks,
tank destroyers and SPG’s that will be available to players.
This article was written to explain all the features of the French tank-building industry to the players. The first part of the article is dedicated to the French military vehicles of the Inter-War period and the early period of the World War II.
It’s better to clarify that the armored forces deployment doctrine affected the tank-building industry and passing into service various types of armored vehicles. So, resting on the laurels of the WWI winner, French Army Leaders built their tactics based on the tactical assumptions that the pace of offensive in the possible further military actions would not exceed 8-12 km/h in a day. French Army Generals planned to tire out the enemy troops in near-boarder (frontier) battles and weaken its power and then make the main decisive strike. These ideas were relevant despite the fact that the theory of a mobile tank units creation and their implementation were suggested in a series of countries: in Great Britain by General Fuller and military theorist Liddell Hart, in Germany by Heinz Guderian and in the USSR was developed and adopted “The Theory of Deep Offensive Operation”. However, France had its own theorists. So, in the middle 20’s General Etienne, who is also known as “Father of Tanks” proposed to create an army of 100 thousand people and able to pass an 80 km distance per night. The striking forces basis of such an army consisted of group alignment of 4000 tanks and over 20 000 people. And General Etienne wasn’t the only one who suggested a modern theory – in 1929 General Dumenk prepared the report on the operation and organization of tank troops (one of the first ideas about the need to form independent tank units). The same theory was asounded by young officer (later the General and the leader of the French Resistance) Charles de Gaulle in his book “For the professional army” but this idea wasn’t accepted by the High Command and young officer raised up enemies among the higher ranks of the French Army. Still, the most popular remained the defensive doctrine of war.
So, “The instructions for tactical use of tanks” adopted on 24 January 1929 prescribed to use tanks in small groups. As a result, tanks, consolidated in battalions and regiments had to support large groups of infantry during the breakthrough of the front line and, as a matter of principle, serve as mobile artillery. And the use of tanks in infantry formations deprived them of opportunities for rapid maneuver. As a result, 17 years had passed after the WWI was over but French tank-building industry had edited only 280 units, just for the use in small groups. The main two tank types of the French Army were Renault FT 17 (Renault FT 18) and its heavy brother (FMC) 2C. Combat characteristics of the main armored vehicles just satisfied the requirements of the defensive war doctrine.
So, Renault FT (type 17 and 18) was the most popular tank in the French Army during the Inter-War period and remained its popularity up to mod 30’s. It, if we can say so, the ancestor (FATHER) of all the modern tanks – the first tank of the layout, which later became the classic. Total built 2781 units by the end of the World War I. Licensed production of this tank had been established in several countries: in the USA under the designation Ford Two Man, in Italy under the designation FIAT 3000 and, of course, in the USSR under the designation MC-1 that was not, actually, the licensed edition but probably quite an exact copy. And it was imported to many countries: Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Brazil, Turkey, Iran, Finland and Japan. In World of Tanks this tank will be the first representative of the French tank tree and modifications on the base of its chassis (Renault FT AC and Renault BS) will open the lines of Tank Destroyers and SPG’s. Combat characteristics of this tank quite comparable to the ones of the primary tanks of Germany, the USSR and the USA, but with the native MS-1 it will have more in common which is not surprising.
Heavy (FCM) 2С will be also available to our players, however, as a premium tank.
In addition to the defensive doctrine, the second really big disadvantage of the French Army was, so-called, “bipolarity” of ground forces. The division of the Army into two independent arms of service: infantry and cavalry. Herewith infantry and cavalry could make orders for weaponry required for their own purposes. In fact, that doubled the number engineering technique models in combat units and led to the excessive diverse of the tank park. Moreover, in both arms of service existed different organizational and establishment structure of technical and other formations.
***
The experience of using tanks as a means of reconnaissance units was received during the World War I by cavalry units of the French Army. On the basis of this experience were formulated the requirements for the creation of the combat vehicle which could be used for reconnaissance missions and for direct support of cavalry units as well. AMR 35 (modifications ZT and ZT2) became the tank which satisfied these requirements. This tank had a very high speed rate for French tanks – up to 55 km/h. But his armor plating and light weaponry left much to be desired.
The next tank of this branch is another brainchild of the Renault Company – AMC 35 cavalry tank. Incidentally, the last representative of cavalry support tanks of light class. The weight of this tank was increased what, in its turn, lowered its speed characteristics. But the armor of the tank and its weaponry made it competable with the tanks of its type. It was built a small series of 47 vehicles.
Well-known representative of cavalry support tanks - S-35 medium tank. And it takes a special place among the French tanks family of the Inter-War period. Based on the Cavalry Command requirements, the SOMUA Company developed a tank which main objective was the support of light cavalry tanks actions. After passing into service to cavalry units under the designation AMC SOMUA AC-3 this tank very quickly gained popularity and became the main medium tank of the French Army and was renamed into S-35. This tank became the first tank in the world with cast turret and hull. Armor plating consisted of three parts and reached a thickness of 41 mm. Max thickness of the turret was 56 mm. It was the most armored tank of this time period. Players have already met this vehicle on the battlefields of World of Tanks – it first appeared in game as a captured in the German tank tree with some construction changes (though not significant). Speaking of the distinctive properties of this tank we cannot but mention the fact that it is inferior in speed characteristics but had better armor plating than the tanks of the same level. One of the specific features of this tank is the layout of its engine, which occupies two thirds of the tank body. This is a really obvious disadvantage and a pretty big target to shoot at.
Poniatovski G1P we will discuss a bit later in a special chapter dedicated to G1 tank (very sad story). But we can say a few words about superheavy assault monster AMX Tracteur C. To say that this tank had an interesting design – means to say nothing. Huge size and really super-heavy weight of this tank can really shock untrained tanker. The crew of the tank consisted of 6 people; tank has two turrets, its length almost nine and a half meters. The appearance of this giant among the enemy battle formations if not make some medium tanks to crawl back, then surely chill their fighting enthusiasm. However, you know, it will be hard to miss for artillery units.
***
Another branch of cavalry tanks opens Hotchkiss H35, also known as PzKpfw 38H735 (f), also known as mini-mini-mouse, as he was nicknamed by some tankers in a premium branch of German tank tree. The project of the Hotchkiss Company for light mechanized divisions. But unfortunately, the Infantry Command chose the project R-35. The Cavalry Command, on the contrary, interested in the project and adopted this tank under the designation H-35 (but we should recall the fact that shortly before the beginning of WWII it passed into service for infantry armored troops as well). Excellent armor plating and armament of this tank makes it one of the most dangerous opponents in the lightweight category. It’s enough to recall a lot of fights on the battlefields of World of Tanks, when German PzKpfw 38H735(f) simply does not leave a chance of its opponents and in the chat can be seen non-controversial messages about the combat characteristics of these vehicles.
*
The successor of H-35 in this branch is AMX 38, which nearly has become it in real life. When designing this tank were taken into account all the drawback of the preceding Hotchkiss H-35 and Renault R-35 vehicles, and the main emphasis was put on improving the speed possibilities and armament. A completely new running gear consisting of 16 supporting tracks, 4 supporting rollers and 2 driving wheels and a 150 horsepower engine Wilson-Talbot allowed him to develop the speed of 24 km/h. The armor plating of the tank was up to 40 mm in its frontal part.
*
The experience of using German Pz.II и Pz.III and Soviet BT-5 and T-26 in battles proved that the French Army lacked high-speed tanks. Less protected but more fast, these vehicles ensured lightning strikes most important maneuver to wage a modern war. It was assumed rather late that defensive war doctrine was a mistake. Although there were still some attempts to create new types of armored vehicles. One of such examples was a quite promising project – AMX-40.
Quite different from those times standards running gear with open external store station allowed to use wheel-track movement with rear drive (as in Soviet BT and American Christies). Tanks with diesel fuel for a 160 HP engine was placed above the driving gear and it was rather hard to be burnt. Rational angles of the hull armor plating and turret arrangement made the tank look a little futuristically. Despite all the advantages the tank was not armed enough. A 47-mm gun wasn’t appropriate to fight with Pz.III и Pz.IV whose quantity was growing in German armored forces.
***
As it was already mentioned earlier, the Renault Company took part in a contest for a best infantry tank for mechanized divisions with their R-35 project as well as Hotchkiss with their H-35. Renault’s project was accepted and put into service in 1935. It was being manufactured for 5 years – up to 1940. It was the most widely-spread light tank (1070 vehicles were manufactured for the Army and 560 were exported). The hull and the turret of the tank were cast as in H-35. And they look very much alike, the only difference they had was in the type of engine and a number of alterations in the construction of the hull. And it was really praiseworthy for rival companies as manufacturing and service of the vehicles could be easily unified.
The following representative of this branch of infantry tanks is FCM 36. This tank’s project participated in the contest alongside with R-35 and H-35. The price of its manufacturing was 40% higher than the price of R-35 and it led to the end of the project. Although it was faster than R-35 as well. It had a fully welded hull (in contrast to R-35 or H-35), which was a great advance in the tank-building industry. A 90-powerful engine “Berlie” (a licensed version of British “Ricardo”) was mounted on this tank what possessed a substantial operational range. The slope angle of armor reduced the chances of its penetration. After the occupation of France the Germans were using them to create self-propelled guns (will later be presented as premium vehicles FMC 36 Pak 40).
When designing an FCM 20t tank the preceding experience of FCM 36 construction was taken into account. Basically, namely this vehicle was considered the basis for it with the B1 heavy tank weaponry installed. The commission noted in their report: “The project of a 20t tank meets fully all the requirements of the program and is comparable to a B tank from the point of view of armor plating and armaments”. However, when discussing the requirements to this battle vehicle its weight was underestimated and reached 25 tons (instead of 23.7 stated in the initial project). The Military Commission offered to install on it an FCM turret which could be replaced with a more modern one - APX 4 with 47-mm cannon installed. It was assumed that two different engines (gasoline and diesel) of the same capacity will be installed.
Renault G1 R – its description is in the special chapter about G1 tanks.
***
By the beginning of WWII the French Army had a park of medium tanks, though it wasn’t big. The technical specifications of the new type tank were developed in 1926. The Renault Company decided to design it. As a result, a project of a new tank based on an earlier project of Renault designed only for export purposes - NC 1 (NC27) - was presented. D1 was set in serial production in 1931 after successful tests. The hull of the tank was riveted, the thickness of the armor was 10-30 mm, and the combat weight was 12 tons. A cast 2-seat turret was mounted on it. First types D1A were equipped with 37-mm cannon, 7.5-mm machine gun in the turret and a non-moving machine gun in the frontal part of the hull for a driver. An engine with 65 HP enabled the tank to move up to 18 km/h. Only 10 machines were manufactured. Next type D1B was equipped with a more powerful engine with 100 HP which enabled the tank to make up to 20 km/h. The armor of the tank was strengthened as well as its armament: the former became 40 mm and as for the latter – more powerful 47-mm cannon was installed. The running gear was equipped with two additional armor screen. The mass of the tank was also increased up to 12.8 tons. The military units in Northern Africa were equipped with D1Bs. All in all only 50 vehicles of type “B” were manufactured.
*
In its turn, medium tank D2 is a development of D1. This tank is equipped with a more powerful engine which allowed intensifying of its armor plating. The first prototype of this vehicle was built in 1932. During testing they tried to install two types of turrets – the old Renault FT’s and the new APX with 47-mm cannon. As an experiment they tried to install diesel engines on two of the prototypes. However, the serial vehicles were equipped with carburetor gasoline engines.
The serial D2 vehicles got APX1 turrets. However, the running gear and the gearbox remained the same as in D1. 100 vehicles of this type were constructed. Most of them went into service to the 19th tank battalion of the 4th armored division (under de Gaulle’s command, who then was a colonel) and they took part in the battles of May-June 1940.
*
A heavy pre-war representative of this branch of the French tank Tree was B1. Three initial prototypes marked as B1 were constructed by FCM and Renault in 1929-1930. The combat weight of this tank was 25 tons with the armor thickness of 40 mm. The armament consisted of 75-mm cannon installed in a tank’s hull and two 7.5-mm machine guns installed in a revolving turret. The max speed didn’t exceed 18 km/h.
After going through successful tests and some innovations implemented it became a serial tank under the designation B1 in 1935. Standard APX 1 turret with 47-mm cannon and machine gun were installed. The set wasn’t big – just 36 units were built. However, it wasn’t the tank that was used in battles in 1940; those were the tanks of later types – B1 bis. In comparison with the tanks of the previous types those ones had the armor of 60 mm and the turret of the new type - APX 4, the engine was also new, its capacity was 180 HP, which, in its turn, enabled it to move as fast as 28 km/h (a rocket-tank!). The mounting of 47-mm long-stemmed cannon SA-35 which also had a fan for gun powder gases diversion from the gun barrel improved the fighting abilities of the vehicle. The running gear reminded a little the tanks of WWI. Small series of B1ter tanks was built - 5 of them only. And it differed from “bis” type in terms of engine. The former had a powerful Renault engine with the capacity of 310 HP. After the occupation of France the enterprising Germans re-equipped the captured tanks of the series and they became flame-throwing tanks as flame-throwers were installed instead of 75-mm cannon.
***
Pre-war TD SPG’s and SPG’s
Without further ado, first vehicles in TD and SPG branches can be called distinctive modifications of the legendary Renault FT 17. In case of Renault BS (SPG) was installed Blockhouse Schneider (a short-stemmed howitzer) 75 mm cannon, the turret was redesigned and one crew member was added. TD SPG on the base of Renault FT - Renault FT AC was an attempt to mount several types of cannons to fight the enemy tanks. The turret was also redesigned.
Tank destroyer Lorraine 37 L AC and Lorraine 39 L AM can also be described together. Eponymous armored personnel carriers became the basis for these SPG’s. Lorraine 37 L AC was an infantry armored carrier, which was first put into production in 1939. Lorraine 39 L, in its turn, was its successor. The improved model was created by widening a cargo compartment, installing higher boards and changing the pitch of the frontal armor, which increases the number of seats. As an experiment they were equipped with cannons 47 mm and SA 47 cannons to fight against rival tanks and a 75 mm howitzer to use it as SPG. At first these armored carriers captured by the Germans after the occupation of France were used as intended, and later to construct TD SPG Marder I on their basis.
SOMUA SAu 40 is a self-spoken name. This TD SPG was being engineered on the basis of S-35 average cavalry tank simultaneously with its putting into production. The construction didn’t differ a lot from the construction of the tank. 75 mm cannon “75mm Mle1929 de casemate” (they were developed for installing in concrete blockhouses on “Maginot line”) was installed in its frontal part of the hull. Specific feature of this cannon was the fact that it could be partially pulled into the body using a mechanical jack with an engine’s driving gear (it took about 12 seconds). However, to install this cannon it was necessary to re-develop the body – it became higher and 33 mm wider.
To protect it from the infantry it was equipped with machine gun installed in a small turret. It was produced in a small series and the exact quantity is unknown.
S35 CA was also developed on the basis of S-35 tank’s chassis. Its special characteristic was an open hull where the cannon was installed. To improve the crew’s protection additional armor to protect from shell splinters and bullets were installed to the front of the hull. It made S35 CA similar to TD SPG Marder II, though not a lot.
The program of new SPG for infantry support started not long before the beginning of WWII. Series of projects were presented. However the project of the ARL Company was without a rival. An infamous G1 project was chosen as the basis. It was decided to leave the body of the tank, chassis, power unit and transmission (with minimal changes). The tracks covered the body fully from the bottom to the top, which made it look like an archaic design of WWI tanks but theoretically it improved the SPG’s passing ability. The armament consisted of 75 mm APX cannon (of the improved capacity, which could pierce a 50 mm armor plate with its armor-piercing shell from 1000 meters). A small turret with an observation device was set on the top. Only two (according to some data only one) non-armored prototypes were built.
And - as it was promised earlier – a narrative about the G1 series follows. As S-35 tank, which was produced by SOMUA, was rejected by the Infantry Command because it didn’t satisfy the requirements of specifications, on December 18, 1935 new requirements for medium tanks of 20 tons for infantry support were stated by the Infantry Administration. The requirements were the following: 47 mm cannon and 7.5 mm machine gun, armor - 40 mm, speed highway/off-road – 50/20 km/h, fuel distance - 400 km.
In the end they came to the conclusion that the weight required is unachievable and a number of decisions were taken to transform the 20-tons tank program into the 35-tons tank program with 75 mm cannon installed. Several companies decided to fulfill the project, but not all of them were successful. There were some amusing accidents too. Thus, the SEAM Company just took the money for the built prototype, the Lorrain Company prepared only a wooden model for the presentation, FCM and SOMUA dropped out from the competition, BDR was constructing the prototype in a secret place as a measure of protection and when by the presentation it appeared that the presentation was impossible unless part of a wall was destroyed. The Renault Company didn’t get the contract and moved the project to the sidelines. Perfect beginning.
So, on the 1st of June the state of projects was the following:
SEAM (G1P) 26 tons - “A prototype presented in Vincennes in 1937 corresponded to the 20-tons tank program but for speed: 14 km/h instead of 40. Moreover, the concept of chassis (running gear) wasn’t a good one: the tracks didn’t have lugs it was characterized by poor terrain crossing capacity.
Thereupon Poniatovski decided to install a more powerful engine Hispano-Suiza (280) and modify the chassis. The prototype was again ready for being tested.
The Order of dept. 12 № 5 174-1/12 (May 24) provides instructions on how to deliver the tank to Vincennes after it’s been equipped with:
- a turret in Ruel;
- a wireless voice connection device in Issi fort.
But, as we know, Poniatovski chassis got neither armament nor an APX4 turret. Only a model of the turret was installed with the corresponding weight of 2.5 tons.
BDR (G1B) weighing 37.5 tons - “The parley is continuing. The necessity of additional information before giving the contract is revealed. Also the avant-project needs to be redeveloped in terms of:
- improving particular units;
- reducing the mass, which risks exceeding 35 tons”.
Renault (G1R) with combat weight 32 tons - “Already in April 1938, the commission expressed their opinion about the size of G1R (its width is 2.94 m). G1R has to weigh 26 tons, however such weight gain provides it with specific structural characteristics, for example, torsional suspension. The ammunition load is limited to the minimal requirements of the program. The minimal fighting compartment is for 4 persons. However the gain of 1.2 tons is lost when a 75-mm cannon is installed instead of a 47-mm one.
For G1R the weight of 30 tons was recommended. Deiga supposes that 10 mm for the bottom is too little. The concept of G1R is the advance of R35, except a motor set. The tank hasn’t got a 60х70 cm side hatch which had been meant before. The armor of the boards is double-layered with an outer plate of 50 mm and the inside of 10 mm. This decision had been criticized.”
And on June 12th 1938 the Infantry Administration change their mind and the requirements change again. This time they stress the necessity of having a 75-mm gun with good firepower and the weight of 30 tons. And the companies-manufacturers tackled the job again. It was stated rather brusquely that “any project which mass will exceed 32 tons will be dismissed without considering”. And then goes more… Starting with an automatic fire-protective system installment in the engine set using metilbromid, tecalemit or any other similar substance, the machinery of the armor protection, providing simplicity and speed of engine changing and transmission units – all those requirements were added. Then comes the turn of driver mechanic’s means of observation: the size of the on-board hatch, side observation devices which allow the driver to see the overall dimensions of the vehicle and nearby tanks. Later it came to the point when the companies-manufacturers where obliged to provide the possibility of aiming firing up to 10 km/h when moving and the availability of a range finder (some people were suggesting equipping the vehicles with sound amplifier like in anti-aircraft forces).
As a result - potentially advantageous G1 program was ceased by all the companies-manufacturers:
For Baudet-Donon-Roussel this complicated experience ended up rather prosaically. Although already in March the Infantry Administration was eager to obtain one prototype for testing it, they stopped working on the tank on September, 10th 1939 in compliance with the order of the Military Office. Not having received anything BDR remade the G1B project and converted it into an SPG ARL 40 V39 with 75-mm cannon “of improved capacity”.
In summer 1938 when the Infantry Administration became more flexible and increased the weight limit to 30 tons, the ACK1 project wasn’t as beneficial in comparison with other competitors. The works on the tank slowed down and later on were stopped. Although on September 10th it was thought that ACK1\G1R can still be implemented, the lack of financing and support of the military led to this tank’s falling into a category of “paper tanks”. At least in 1940 they didn’t work on it anymore.
After Conseil Consultatif de l'Armement asked ARL for help they managed to place an order for one turret supply for G1P, it was supposed to have placed a widened under-turret box. The Order to grant ARL3 to SEAM was signed on January 19th 1939, but it was never fulfilled. The works were ceased completely on September 10th 1939. Although on December 22nd the works were resumed as the Army experienced a great need in modern vehicles. So the project G1B was forever stopped in June, 1940 after the surrender. The existing prototype was ready for new tests but it was standing idle at a SEAM plant waiting for its turret.
Thus a promising G1 program was ceased without a single prototype built. The Infantry Administration can be blamed for the collapse of the project as it was terrorizing the companies with the annual updates of specifications. However, let’s take into consideration that the desire to possess the most modern tank ever is natural. One of the main problems of G1 was in the years – 1936 and 1937 – which were truly unlucky and they showed the undisguised weakness of light infantry tanks and the groundlessness of the theories of their usage.
To be continued…
by Gustav Fuchs
This article was written to explain all the features of the French tank-building industry to the players. The first part of the article is dedicated to the French military vehicles of the Inter-War period and the early period of the World War II.
It’s better to clarify that the armored forces deployment doctrine affected the tank-building industry and passing into service various types of armored vehicles. So, resting on the laurels of the WWI winner, French Army Leaders built their tactics based on the tactical assumptions that the pace of offensive in the possible further military actions would not exceed 8-12 km/h in a day. French Army Generals planned to tire out the enemy troops in near-boarder (frontier) battles and weaken its power and then make the main decisive strike. These ideas were relevant despite the fact that the theory of a mobile tank units creation and their implementation were suggested in a series of countries: in Great Britain by General Fuller and military theorist Liddell Hart, in Germany by Heinz Guderian and in the USSR was developed and adopted “The Theory of Deep Offensive Operation”. However, France had its own theorists. So, in the middle 20’s General Etienne, who is also known as “Father of Tanks” proposed to create an army of 100 thousand people and able to pass an 80 km distance per night. The striking forces basis of such an army consisted of group alignment of 4000 tanks and over 20 000 people. And General Etienne wasn’t the only one who suggested a modern theory – in 1929 General Dumenk prepared the report on the operation and organization of tank troops (one of the first ideas about the need to form independent tank units). The same theory was asounded by young officer (later the General and the leader of the French Resistance) Charles de Gaulle in his book “For the professional army” but this idea wasn’t accepted by the High Command and young officer raised up enemies among the higher ranks of the French Army. Still, the most popular remained the defensive doctrine of war.
So, “The instructions for tactical use of tanks” adopted on 24 January 1929 prescribed to use tanks in small groups. As a result, tanks, consolidated in battalions and regiments had to support large groups of infantry during the breakthrough of the front line and, as a matter of principle, serve as mobile artillery. And the use of tanks in infantry formations deprived them of opportunities for rapid maneuver. As a result, 17 years had passed after the WWI was over but French tank-building industry had edited only 280 units, just for the use in small groups. The main two tank types of the French Army were Renault FT 17 (Renault FT 18) and its heavy brother (FMC) 2C. Combat characteristics of the main armored vehicles just satisfied the requirements of the defensive war doctrine.
So, Renault FT (type 17 and 18) was the most popular tank in the French Army during the Inter-War period and remained its popularity up to mod 30’s. It, if we can say so, the ancestor (FATHER) of all the modern tanks – the first tank of the layout, which later became the classic. Total built 2781 units by the end of the World War I. Licensed production of this tank had been established in several countries: in the USA under the designation Ford Two Man, in Italy under the designation FIAT 3000 and, of course, in the USSR under the designation MC-1 that was not, actually, the licensed edition but probably quite an exact copy. And it was imported to many countries: Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Brazil, Turkey, Iran, Finland and Japan. In World of Tanks this tank will be the first representative of the French tank tree and modifications on the base of its chassis (Renault FT AC and Renault BS) will open the lines of Tank Destroyers and SPG’s. Combat characteristics of this tank quite comparable to the ones of the primary tanks of Germany, the USSR and the USA, but with the native MS-1 it will have more in common which is not surprising.
Heavy (FCM) 2С will be also available to our players, however, as a premium tank.
In addition to the defensive doctrine, the second really big disadvantage of the French Army was, so-called, “bipolarity” of ground forces. The division of the Army into two independent arms of service: infantry and cavalry. Herewith infantry and cavalry could make orders for weaponry required for their own purposes. In fact, that doubled the number engineering technique models in combat units and led to the excessive diverse of the tank park. Moreover, in both arms of service existed different organizational and establishment structure of technical and other formations.
***
The experience of using tanks as a means of reconnaissance units was received during the World War I by cavalry units of the French Army. On the basis of this experience were formulated the requirements for the creation of the combat vehicle which could be used for reconnaissance missions and for direct support of cavalry units as well. AMR 35 (modifications ZT and ZT2) became the tank which satisfied these requirements. This tank had a very high speed rate for French tanks – up to 55 km/h. But his armor plating and light weaponry left much to be desired.
The next tank of this branch is another brainchild of the Renault Company – AMC 35 cavalry tank. Incidentally, the last representative of cavalry support tanks of light class. The weight of this tank was increased what, in its turn, lowered its speed characteristics. But the armor of the tank and its weaponry made it competable with the tanks of its type. It was built a small series of 47 vehicles.
Well-known representative of cavalry support tanks - S-35 medium tank. And it takes a special place among the French tanks family of the Inter-War period. Based on the Cavalry Command requirements, the SOMUA Company developed a tank which main objective was the support of light cavalry tanks actions. After passing into service to cavalry units under the designation AMC SOMUA AC-3 this tank very quickly gained popularity and became the main medium tank of the French Army and was renamed into S-35. This tank became the first tank in the world with cast turret and hull. Armor plating consisted of three parts and reached a thickness of 41 mm. Max thickness of the turret was 56 mm. It was the most armored tank of this time period. Players have already met this vehicle on the battlefields of World of Tanks – it first appeared in game as a captured in the German tank tree with some construction changes (though not significant). Speaking of the distinctive properties of this tank we cannot but mention the fact that it is inferior in speed characteristics but had better armor plating than the tanks of the same level. One of the specific features of this tank is the layout of its engine, which occupies two thirds of the tank body. This is a really obvious disadvantage and a pretty big target to shoot at.
Poniatovski G1P we will discuss a bit later in a special chapter dedicated to G1 tank (very sad story). But we can say a few words about superheavy assault monster AMX Tracteur C. To say that this tank had an interesting design – means to say nothing. Huge size and really super-heavy weight of this tank can really shock untrained tanker. The crew of the tank consisted of 6 people; tank has two turrets, its length almost nine and a half meters. The appearance of this giant among the enemy battle formations if not make some medium tanks to crawl back, then surely chill their fighting enthusiasm. However, you know, it will be hard to miss for artillery units.
***
Another branch of cavalry tanks opens Hotchkiss H35, also known as PzKpfw 38H735 (f), also known as mini-mini-mouse, as he was nicknamed by some tankers in a premium branch of German tank tree. The project of the Hotchkiss Company for light mechanized divisions. But unfortunately, the Infantry Command chose the project R-35. The Cavalry Command, on the contrary, interested in the project and adopted this tank under the designation H-35 (but we should recall the fact that shortly before the beginning of WWII it passed into service for infantry armored troops as well). Excellent armor plating and armament of this tank makes it one of the most dangerous opponents in the lightweight category. It’s enough to recall a lot of fights on the battlefields of World of Tanks, when German PzKpfw 38H735(f) simply does not leave a chance of its opponents and in the chat can be seen non-controversial messages about the combat characteristics of these vehicles.
*
The successor of H-35 in this branch is AMX 38, which nearly has become it in real life. When designing this tank were taken into account all the drawback of the preceding Hotchkiss H-35 and Renault R-35 vehicles, and the main emphasis was put on improving the speed possibilities and armament. A completely new running gear consisting of 16 supporting tracks, 4 supporting rollers and 2 driving wheels and a 150 horsepower engine Wilson-Talbot allowed him to develop the speed of 24 km/h. The armor plating of the tank was up to 40 mm in its frontal part.
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The experience of using German Pz.II и Pz.III and Soviet BT-5 and T-26 in battles proved that the French Army lacked high-speed tanks. Less protected but more fast, these vehicles ensured lightning strikes most important maneuver to wage a modern war. It was assumed rather late that defensive war doctrine was a mistake. Although there were still some attempts to create new types of armored vehicles. One of such examples was a quite promising project – AMX-40.
Quite different from those times standards running gear with open external store station allowed to use wheel-track movement with rear drive (as in Soviet BT and American Christies). Tanks with diesel fuel for a 160 HP engine was placed above the driving gear and it was rather hard to be burnt. Rational angles of the hull armor plating and turret arrangement made the tank look a little futuristically. Despite all the advantages the tank was not armed enough. A 47-mm gun wasn’t appropriate to fight with Pz.III и Pz.IV whose quantity was growing in German armored forces.
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As it was already mentioned earlier, the Renault Company took part in a contest for a best infantry tank for mechanized divisions with their R-35 project as well as Hotchkiss with their H-35. Renault’s project was accepted and put into service in 1935. It was being manufactured for 5 years – up to 1940. It was the most widely-spread light tank (1070 vehicles were manufactured for the Army and 560 were exported). The hull and the turret of the tank were cast as in H-35. And they look very much alike, the only difference they had was in the type of engine and a number of alterations in the construction of the hull. And it was really praiseworthy for rival companies as manufacturing and service of the vehicles could be easily unified.
The following representative of this branch of infantry tanks is FCM 36. This tank’s project participated in the contest alongside with R-35 and H-35. The price of its manufacturing was 40% higher than the price of R-35 and it led to the end of the project. Although it was faster than R-35 as well. It had a fully welded hull (in contrast to R-35 or H-35), which was a great advance in the tank-building industry. A 90-powerful engine “Berlie” (a licensed version of British “Ricardo”) was mounted on this tank what possessed a substantial operational range. The slope angle of armor reduced the chances of its penetration. After the occupation of France the Germans were using them to create self-propelled guns (will later be presented as premium vehicles FMC 36 Pak 40).
When designing an FCM 20t tank the preceding experience of FCM 36 construction was taken into account. Basically, namely this vehicle was considered the basis for it with the B1 heavy tank weaponry installed. The commission noted in their report: “The project of a 20t tank meets fully all the requirements of the program and is comparable to a B tank from the point of view of armor plating and armaments”. However, when discussing the requirements to this battle vehicle its weight was underestimated and reached 25 tons (instead of 23.7 stated in the initial project). The Military Commission offered to install on it an FCM turret which could be replaced with a more modern one - APX 4 with 47-mm cannon installed. It was assumed that two different engines (gasoline and diesel) of the same capacity will be installed.
Renault G1 R – its description is in the special chapter about G1 tanks.
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By the beginning of WWII the French Army had a park of medium tanks, though it wasn’t big. The technical specifications of the new type tank were developed in 1926. The Renault Company decided to design it. As a result, a project of a new tank based on an earlier project of Renault designed only for export purposes - NC 1 (NC27) - was presented. D1 was set in serial production in 1931 after successful tests. The hull of the tank was riveted, the thickness of the armor was 10-30 mm, and the combat weight was 12 tons. A cast 2-seat turret was mounted on it. First types D1A were equipped with 37-mm cannon, 7.5-mm machine gun in the turret and a non-moving machine gun in the frontal part of the hull for a driver. An engine with 65 HP enabled the tank to move up to 18 km/h. Only 10 machines were manufactured. Next type D1B was equipped with a more powerful engine with 100 HP which enabled the tank to make up to 20 km/h. The armor of the tank was strengthened as well as its armament: the former became 40 mm and as for the latter – more powerful 47-mm cannon was installed. The running gear was equipped with two additional armor screen. The mass of the tank was also increased up to 12.8 tons. The military units in Northern Africa were equipped with D1Bs. All in all only 50 vehicles of type “B” were manufactured.
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In its turn, medium tank D2 is a development of D1. This tank is equipped with a more powerful engine which allowed intensifying of its armor plating. The first prototype of this vehicle was built in 1932. During testing they tried to install two types of turrets – the old Renault FT’s and the new APX with 47-mm cannon. As an experiment they tried to install diesel engines on two of the prototypes. However, the serial vehicles were equipped with carburetor gasoline engines.
The serial D2 vehicles got APX1 turrets. However, the running gear and the gearbox remained the same as in D1. 100 vehicles of this type were constructed. Most of them went into service to the 19th tank battalion of the 4th armored division (under de Gaulle’s command, who then was a colonel) and they took part in the battles of May-June 1940.
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A heavy pre-war representative of this branch of the French tank Tree was B1. Three initial prototypes marked as B1 were constructed by FCM and Renault in 1929-1930. The combat weight of this tank was 25 tons with the armor thickness of 40 mm. The armament consisted of 75-mm cannon installed in a tank’s hull and two 7.5-mm machine guns installed in a revolving turret. The max speed didn’t exceed 18 km/h.
After going through successful tests and some innovations implemented it became a serial tank under the designation B1 in 1935. Standard APX 1 turret with 47-mm cannon and machine gun were installed. The set wasn’t big – just 36 units were built. However, it wasn’t the tank that was used in battles in 1940; those were the tanks of later types – B1 bis. In comparison with the tanks of the previous types those ones had the armor of 60 mm and the turret of the new type - APX 4, the engine was also new, its capacity was 180 HP, which, in its turn, enabled it to move as fast as 28 km/h (a rocket-tank!). The mounting of 47-mm long-stemmed cannon SA-35 which also had a fan for gun powder gases diversion from the gun barrel improved the fighting abilities of the vehicle. The running gear reminded a little the tanks of WWI. Small series of B1ter tanks was built - 5 of them only. And it differed from “bis” type in terms of engine. The former had a powerful Renault engine with the capacity of 310 HP. After the occupation of France the enterprising Germans re-equipped the captured tanks of the series and they became flame-throwing tanks as flame-throwers were installed instead of 75-mm cannon.
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Pre-war TD SPG’s and SPG’s
Without further ado, first vehicles in TD and SPG branches can be called distinctive modifications of the legendary Renault FT 17. In case of Renault BS (SPG) was installed Blockhouse Schneider (a short-stemmed howitzer) 75 mm cannon, the turret was redesigned and one crew member was added. TD SPG on the base of Renault FT - Renault FT AC was an attempt to mount several types of cannons to fight the enemy tanks. The turret was also redesigned.
Tank destroyer Lorraine 37 L AC and Lorraine 39 L AM can also be described together. Eponymous armored personnel carriers became the basis for these SPG’s. Lorraine 37 L AC was an infantry armored carrier, which was first put into production in 1939. Lorraine 39 L, in its turn, was its successor. The improved model was created by widening a cargo compartment, installing higher boards and changing the pitch of the frontal armor, which increases the number of seats. As an experiment they were equipped with cannons 47 mm and SA 47 cannons to fight against rival tanks and a 75 mm howitzer to use it as SPG. At first these armored carriers captured by the Germans after the occupation of France were used as intended, and later to construct TD SPG Marder I on their basis.
SOMUA SAu 40 is a self-spoken name. This TD SPG was being engineered on the basis of S-35 average cavalry tank simultaneously with its putting into production. The construction didn’t differ a lot from the construction of the tank. 75 mm cannon “75mm Mle1929 de casemate” (they were developed for installing in concrete blockhouses on “Maginot line”) was installed in its frontal part of the hull. Specific feature of this cannon was the fact that it could be partially pulled into the body using a mechanical jack with an engine’s driving gear (it took about 12 seconds). However, to install this cannon it was necessary to re-develop the body – it became higher and 33 mm wider.
To protect it from the infantry it was equipped with machine gun installed in a small turret. It was produced in a small series and the exact quantity is unknown.
S35 CA was also developed on the basis of S-35 tank’s chassis. Its special characteristic was an open hull where the cannon was installed. To improve the crew’s protection additional armor to protect from shell splinters and bullets were installed to the front of the hull. It made S35 CA similar to TD SPG Marder II, though not a lot.
The program of new SPG for infantry support started not long before the beginning of WWII. Series of projects were presented. However the project of the ARL Company was without a rival. An infamous G1 project was chosen as the basis. It was decided to leave the body of the tank, chassis, power unit and transmission (with minimal changes). The tracks covered the body fully from the bottom to the top, which made it look like an archaic design of WWI tanks but theoretically it improved the SPG’s passing ability. The armament consisted of 75 mm APX cannon (of the improved capacity, which could pierce a 50 mm armor plate with its armor-piercing shell from 1000 meters). A small turret with an observation device was set on the top. Only two (according to some data only one) non-armored prototypes were built.
And - as it was promised earlier – a narrative about the G1 series follows. As S-35 tank, which was produced by SOMUA, was rejected by the Infantry Command because it didn’t satisfy the requirements of specifications, on December 18, 1935 new requirements for medium tanks of 20 tons for infantry support were stated by the Infantry Administration. The requirements were the following: 47 mm cannon and 7.5 mm machine gun, armor - 40 mm, speed highway/off-road – 50/20 km/h, fuel distance - 400 km.
In the end they came to the conclusion that the weight required is unachievable and a number of decisions were taken to transform the 20-tons tank program into the 35-tons tank program with 75 mm cannon installed. Several companies decided to fulfill the project, but not all of them were successful. There were some amusing accidents too. Thus, the SEAM Company just took the money for the built prototype, the Lorrain Company prepared only a wooden model for the presentation, FCM and SOMUA dropped out from the competition, BDR was constructing the prototype in a secret place as a measure of protection and when by the presentation it appeared that the presentation was impossible unless part of a wall was destroyed. The Renault Company didn’t get the contract and moved the project to the sidelines. Perfect beginning.
So, on the 1st of June the state of projects was the following:
SEAM (G1P) 26 tons - “A prototype presented in Vincennes in 1937 corresponded to the 20-tons tank program but for speed: 14 km/h instead of 40. Moreover, the concept of chassis (running gear) wasn’t a good one: the tracks didn’t have lugs it was characterized by poor terrain crossing capacity.
Thereupon Poniatovski decided to install a more powerful engine Hispano-Suiza (280) and modify the chassis. The prototype was again ready for being tested.
The Order of dept. 12 № 5 174-1/12 (May 24) provides instructions on how to deliver the tank to Vincennes after it’s been equipped with:
- a turret in Ruel;
- a wireless voice connection device in Issi fort.
But, as we know, Poniatovski chassis got neither armament nor an APX4 turret. Only a model of the turret was installed with the corresponding weight of 2.5 tons.
BDR (G1B) weighing 37.5 tons - “The parley is continuing. The necessity of additional information before giving the contract is revealed. Also the avant-project needs to be redeveloped in terms of:
- improving particular units;
- reducing the mass, which risks exceeding 35 tons”.
Renault (G1R) with combat weight 32 tons - “Already in April 1938, the commission expressed their opinion about the size of G1R (its width is 2.94 m). G1R has to weigh 26 tons, however such weight gain provides it with specific structural characteristics, for example, torsional suspension. The ammunition load is limited to the minimal requirements of the program. The minimal fighting compartment is for 4 persons. However the gain of 1.2 tons is lost when a 75-mm cannon is installed instead of a 47-mm one.
For G1R the weight of 30 tons was recommended. Deiga supposes that 10 mm for the bottom is too little. The concept of G1R is the advance of R35, except a motor set. The tank hasn’t got a 60х70 cm side hatch which had been meant before. The armor of the boards is double-layered with an outer plate of 50 mm and the inside of 10 mm. This decision had been criticized.”
And on June 12th 1938 the Infantry Administration change their mind and the requirements change again. This time they stress the necessity of having a 75-mm gun with good firepower and the weight of 30 tons. And the companies-manufacturers tackled the job again. It was stated rather brusquely that “any project which mass will exceed 32 tons will be dismissed without considering”. And then goes more… Starting with an automatic fire-protective system installment in the engine set using metilbromid, tecalemit or any other similar substance, the machinery of the armor protection, providing simplicity and speed of engine changing and transmission units – all those requirements were added. Then comes the turn of driver mechanic’s means of observation: the size of the on-board hatch, side observation devices which allow the driver to see the overall dimensions of the vehicle and nearby tanks. Later it came to the point when the companies-manufacturers where obliged to provide the possibility of aiming firing up to 10 km/h when moving and the availability of a range finder (some people were suggesting equipping the vehicles with sound amplifier like in anti-aircraft forces).
As a result - potentially advantageous G1 program was ceased by all the companies-manufacturers:
For Baudet-Donon-Roussel this complicated experience ended up rather prosaically. Although already in March the Infantry Administration was eager to obtain one prototype for testing it, they stopped working on the tank on September, 10th 1939 in compliance with the order of the Military Office. Not having received anything BDR remade the G1B project and converted it into an SPG ARL 40 V39 with 75-mm cannon “of improved capacity”.
In summer 1938 when the Infantry Administration became more flexible and increased the weight limit to 30 tons, the ACK1 project wasn’t as beneficial in comparison with other competitors. The works on the tank slowed down and later on were stopped. Although on September 10th it was thought that ACK1\G1R can still be implemented, the lack of financing and support of the military led to this tank’s falling into a category of “paper tanks”. At least in 1940 they didn’t work on it anymore.
After Conseil Consultatif de l'Armement asked ARL for help they managed to place an order for one turret supply for G1P, it was supposed to have placed a widened under-turret box. The Order to grant ARL3 to SEAM was signed on January 19th 1939, but it was never fulfilled. The works were ceased completely on September 10th 1939. Although on December 22nd the works were resumed as the Army experienced a great need in modern vehicles. So the project G1B was forever stopped in June, 1940 after the surrender. The existing prototype was ready for new tests but it was standing idle at a SEAM plant waiting for its turret.
Thus a promising G1 program was ceased without a single prototype built. The Infantry Administration can be blamed for the collapse of the project as it was terrorizing the companies with the annual updates of specifications. However, let’s take into consideration that the desire to possess the most modern tank ever is natural. One of the main problems of G1 was in the years – 1936 and 1937 – which were truly unlucky and they showed the undisguised weakness of light infantry tanks and the groundlessness of the theories of their usage.
To be continued…
by Gustav Fuchs
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